Understanding Multiple Sclerosis: The role of diet and lifestyle in managing MS risk

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system. The common symptoms of multiple sclerosis include numbness or weakness in limbs, tingling, electric-shock-like sensations with neck movements, lack of coordination, partial or complete vision loss with eye pain, prolonged double vision, blurry vision, and vertigo.
In terms of frequency for every lakh population, multiple sclerosis tops the list of commonly affected rare diseases in India affecting an estimated 90 people per one lakh population, according to the Indian Organization for Rare Diseases. While its exact causes remain unclear, various factors may contribute to its development. With today’s lifestyle choices, it has been observed that diet may also play a critical role in the onset on MS.
Several studies have suggested a potential link between diet and MS risk. Here are some key dietary components and their potential impact on MS:
Fats and Fatty Acids: Omega-3 and Omega-6 fatty acids are anti-inflammatory; they are found in fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts and may reduce MS risk.
Saturated and Trans Fats: Found in processed foods; may increase inflammation and MS risk.
Antioxidants:
Found in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains may reduce inflammation and protect against MS.
Gut Microbiome: A rich fibre diet supports a healthy gut microbiome, potentially reducing MS risk.
Dietary patterns:
Mediterranean Diet: Anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective; may lower MS risk.
Paleo Diet: Focuses on whole, unprocessed foods; some find symptom relief.
Swank Diet: Low saturated fat; may reduce relapse frequency and severity.
Ketogenic diet: low in carbohydrates and high in fat. May reduce relapse and improve fatiguability.
McDougall Diet: The main caloric source of the McDougall diet is carbohydrates, based on consuming plants. Studies showed an association with lower fatigue in the group of MS patients who followed the diet.
Hyberbolic Diet-Caloric Restriction: Results from studies concerning caloric restriction revealed a reduction in oxidative stress in patients with relapsing and progressive types of MS, leading to a better quality of life.
Lately, another area of focus has been vitamin D, which plays a crucial role in immune system function. A study published in Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology indicates that individuals with lower vitamin D levels may have a higher risk of developing MS. In India, common dietary staples like dairy products are seldom enriched and fortified with vitamin D. through fortification. Consequently, diets rich in vitamin D sources, such as fatty fish or supplementation may potentially offer some protection against MS onset.
As research continues, maintaining a balanced, nutrient-rich diet remains a prudent approach for overall health, potentially offering protective benefits against MS and other diseases. Diet alone isn't the sole determinant. Smoking too is a significant modifiable risk factor, with current smokers at higher risk than former smokers. Quitting smoking could potentially reduce MS incidence by at least 13%.4 Individuals concerned about MS risk should consult healthcare professionals for personalized advice based on their specific circumstances.
Dr. Charulata Sankhla, Consultant Neurophysician. P. D. Hinduja Hospital & Medical Research Centre, Mahim